Asociación entre factores de riesgo biomecánicos y desórdenes musculoesqueléticos en una muestra de trabajadores administrativos, en Bogotá (Colombia)
Association of Biomechanical Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders in a Colombian Administrative Population
Associação de fatores de risco biomecânicos e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em uma população administrativa colombiana
Resumen (es)
Los desórdenes musculoesqueléticos (DME) son una de las enfermedades laborales más comunes en todo el mundo y se relacionan con variables sociodemográficas como la edad o el sexo, o por exposición al riesgo biomecánico. Este último se asocia con aquellas posturas o movimientos que generan daño tisular: posturas prolongadas, movimientos repetitivos y esfuerzo físico. Los DME afectan la salud, la productividad y el desarrollo de las actividades diarias de los trabajadores. Por otro lado, para las organizaciones implican altos costos por incapacidades laborales y tratamientos terapéuticos. El propósito de este artículo es determinar la relación entre la sintomatología de los DME según edad, sexo y factores de riesgo biomecánicos como los movimientos repetitivos, el levantamiento manual de cargas y las posturas mantenidas, prolongadas e incómodas. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, se aplicó un cuestionario nórdico a 208 trabajadores que realizan labores de oficina en Bogotá, Colombia. A cada trabajador se le preguntó sobre sus características sociodemográficas, condiciones de trabajo y si presentaba dolor en los segmentos corporales: cuello, hombros, brazos, manos y muñecas. El análisis estadístico incluyó pruebas de regresión logística binaria usando el software estadístico R Studio. En conclusión, los DME en la población administrativa están determinados principalmente por el género, las mujeres fueron más afectadas que los hombres, ya que presentaron DME en el cuello, hombro izquierdo y brazo derecho. Además, la postura que demanda el trabajo influyó en la aparición de estos desordenes, debido a que las posturas prolongadas generan dolor de cuello y mano-muñeca derecha y las posturas incómodas mostraron correlación con el hombro derecho y la mano-muñeca izquierda.
Resumen (en)
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common occupational diseases worldwide and can be caused by sociodemographic conditions such as age or gender, as well as by exposure to biomechanical hazards. Biomechanical risk is associated with those postures or movements that generate tissue damage such as prolonged postures, repetitive movements and physical effort. MSDs affect workers' health, productivity and the development of their daily activities; on the other hand, they generate high costs for organizations due to work incapacity and therapeutic treatments. The purpose of this article is to determine the relationship between MSD symptoms with age, sex and biomechanical risk factors such as repetitive movements, manual lifting, and sustained, prolonged and awkward postures. For the research development, a Nordic questionnaire was used with the participation of 208 workers who perform office work in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Each worker was asked about their sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions and whether they had pain in the following body segments: neck, shoulders, arms, hands and wrists. Statistical analysis was performed with binary logistic regression tests using R Studio statistical software. A statistically significant relationship was determined between gender and MSDs in the neck (p 0.005), left shoulder (p 0.006) and right arm (p 0.010). Age was related to MSD symptomatology in the right male (p 0.037). Prolonged postures were associated with MSD in the neck (p 0.003) and right hand-wrist (p 0.017). Awkward postures showed correlation with MSDs in the right shoulder (p 0.018) and left hand-wrist (p 0.021). In conclusion, in this research MSDs in the administrative population are mainly determined by gender - women were more affected than men, as they presented MSDs in the neck, left shoulder and right arm. In addition, the posture required by the job influenced the onset of these disorders, since prolonged postures were associated with pain in the neck and right hand-wrist, and awkward postures were correlated with pain in the right shoulder and left hand-wrist.
Resumen (pt)
As doenças músculo-esqueléticas (MSDs) são uma das doenças ocupacionais mais comuns no mundo inteiro podendo ser causadas por condições sociodemográficas como idade ou sexo, assim como pela exposição a riscos biomecânicos. O risco biomecânico está associado às posturas ou movimentos que geram danos aos tecidos, isto é, posturas prolongadas, movimentos repetitivos e esforço físico. As MSDs afetam a saúde dos trabalhadores, a produtividade e o desenvolvimento de suas atividades diárias; por outro lado, geram altos custos para as organizações devido à incapacidade de trabalho e aos tratamentos terapêuticos. O objetivo deste artigo é determinar a relação entre a sintomatologia da MSD com a idade, sexo e fatores de risco biomecânicos, tais como movimentos repetitivos, levantamento manual de carga e posturas mantidas, prolongadas e incômodas. Para essa pesquisa, foi utilizado um questionário nórdico com a participação de 208 trabalhadores que realizam trabalhos de escritório na cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Cada trabalhador foi questionado sobre suas características sociodemográficas, condições de trabalho e se tinha dor nos seguintes segmentos do corpo: pescoço, ombros, braços, mãos e pulsos. A análise estatística foi realizada com testes de regressão logística binária utilizando o software estatístico R Studio. Uma relação estatisticamente significativa foi determinada entre sexo e MSDs no pescoço (p 0,005), ombro esquerdo (p 0,006) e braço direito (p 0,010). A idade foi relacionada à sintomatologia de MSD no homem direito (p 0,037). Posturas prolongadas foram associadas com MSD no pescoço (p 0,003) e no pulso direito (p 0,017). Posturas incômodas mostraram correlação com MSDs no ombro direito (p 0,018) e no pulso esquerdo (p 0,021). Em conclusão, nesta pesquisa as MSDs na população administrativa são determinadas principalmente pelo gênero, as mulheres foram mais afetadas do que os homens, pois apresentaram MSDs no pescoço, ombro esquerdo e braço direito. Além disso, a postura exigida pelo trabalho influenciou o aparecimento desses distúrbios, já que posturas prolongadas estavam associadas a dor no pescoço e no pulso direito e posturas incômodas estavam correlacionadas com dor no ombro direito e no pulso esquerdo.
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