Biopolítica y gubernamentalidad: una reinterpretación del concepto de amenaza híbrida en América Latina desde una perspectiva crítica
Biopolitics and governmentality: a reinterpretation of the concept of hybrid threat in Latin America from a critical perspective
Biopolítica e gubernamentalidade: uma reinterpretação do conceito de ameaça híbrida na América Latina a partir de uma perspectiva crítica
Abstract (en)
This article proposes to rethink the concept of hybrid threat from a Latin American perspective, drawing on Michel Foucault’s (2009) contributions to biopolitics and governmentality. Through a qualitative analysis of sentiments surrounding public discourse and social media comments in Mexico and El Salvador, it is demonstrated that non-state actors—such as drug cartels and gangs—not only employ violence but also establish forms of governance through parallel symbolic, discursive, and material strategies. Thus, the research casts a critical eye on the direct applicability of the Anglo concept of “hybrid threat” in Latin America and suggests an expansion or reconceptualization that incorporates biopolitical and cultural dimensions specific to the region. It concludes that the strategic narratives of these criminal actors create real effects on the population and require a profound review of security policies, as well as renewed attention to the role of communication, legitimacy, and symbolic control in the construction of sovereign power.
Abstract (es)
El artículo se propone repensar del concepto de amenaza híbrida desde una perspectiva latinoamericana, tomando como base los aportes de Michel Foucault (2009) sobre biopolítica y gubernamentalidad. A partir del análisis cualitativo de sentimientos sobre discursos públicos y comentarios en redes sociales en México y El Salvador, se demuestra que actores no estatales —como carteles de drogas y pandillas— no solo emplean la violencia, sino que también fundan formas de gobernanza mediante estrategias paralelas simbólicas, discursivas y materiales. Así, la investigación pone un lente crítico sobre la aplicabilidad directa del concepto anglosajón de “amenaza híbrida” en América Latina y sugiere una ampliación o reconceptualización que incorpore dimensiones biopolíticas y culturales propias de la región. Se concluye que las narrativas estratégicas de estos actores criminales crean efectos reales en la población y requieren una revisión profunda de las políticas de seguridad, así como una atención renovada al papel de la comunicación, la legitimidad y el control simbólico en la construcción del poder soberano.
Abstract (pt)
O artigo propõe repensar o conceito de ameaça híbrida a partir de uma perspectiva latino-americana, com base nas contribuições de Michel Foucault (2009) sobre biopolítica e gubernamentalidade. A partir da análise qualitativa de sentimentos em discursos públicos e comentários em redes sociais no México e em El Salvador, demonstra-se que atores não estatais — como cartéis de drogas e pandilhas — não apenas empregam a violência, mas também fundam formas de governança por meio de estratégias paralelas simbólicas, discursivas e materiais. Assim, a pesquisa aplica uma lente crítica à aplicabilidade direta do conceito anglo-saxão de “ameaça híbrida” na América Latina e sugere uma ampliação ou reconceitualização que incorpore dimensões biopolíticas e culturais próprias da região. Conclui-se que as narrativas estratégicas desses atores criminosos geram efeitos reais na população e exigem uma revisão profunda das políticas de segurança, bem como uma atenção renovada ao papel da comunicação, da legitimidade e do controle simbólico na construção do poder soberano.
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