2022-07-01
Cambios corticales como resultado de lesiones deportivas: Un comentario
Cortical Changes as a Result of Sports Injuries: A Short Commentary
Resumo (pt)
En la actualidad, el tratamiento del sistema nervioso central (SNC) y las fluctuaciones neurocognitivas como consecuencia de las lesiones deportivas se considera un área relativamente poco abordada bajo el paradigma de la neurociencia del deporte. Por ejemplo, los cambios neuronales compensatorios (como los cambios corticales del cerebro) y la carga cognitiva pueden crear un bucle de alimentación que afecta a la recuperación y a la recaída después de una lesión musculoesquelética. Aunque se han promovido varias metodologías (por ejemplo, los sistemas de mapeo cerebral, el control inhibitorio y la flexibilidad cognitiva), los déficits neuromusculares no suelen ser evaluados ni intervenidos durante las prácticas de rehabilitación. En este artículo presentamos una descripción actualizada de los cambios más relevantes del SNC después de una lesión, el concepto de mapas somatotópicos y su relación con el control motor, la inhibición intracortical y los procesos de facilitación cortical. También se cubren las estrategias de neuroplasticidad más allá de los enfoques tradicionales basados en la estructura del tejido lesionado; sin embargo, se requiere más investigación para establecer recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para los profesionales del deporte.
Palavras-chave (pt):
cortical maps, proprioceptive distress, intracortical inhibition, motor control, pain, motor variability, neuroplasticity
Resumo (en)
Currently, the treatment for the central nervous system (CNS) and neurocognitive fluctuations as a result of sports injuries is considered a relatively uncovered area under the sports neuroscience paradigm. For example, the compensatory neural changes (e.g., brain cortical changes) and the cognitive load can create a feedforward loop that affects recovery and relapse after a musculoskeletal injury. Although several methodologies have been promoted (e.g., brain mapping systems, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility), neuromuscular deficits are frequently non-assessed and non-intervened during rehabilitation practices. Here we present an up-to-date description of the most relevant CNS changes after injury, the concept of somatotopic maps, and their relationship with motor control, intracortical inhibition, and cortical facilitation processes. Neuroplasticity strategies beyond the traditional structural-based approaches on the injured tissue are also covered; however, further research is needed to establish evidence-based recommendations for sports professionals.
Palavras-chave (en):
cortical maps, proprioceptive distress, intracortical inhibition, motor control, pain, motor variability, neuroplasticity
Referências
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Bonilla, D. A., Moreno, Y., Rawson, E. S., Forero, D. A., Stout, J. R., Kerksick, C. M., & Kreider, R. B. (2021b). A Convergent Functional Genomics Analysis to Identify Biological Regulators Mediating Effects of Creatine Supplementation. Nutrients, 13(8), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082521
Bonilla, D. A., Moreno, Y., Petro, J. L., Forero, D. A., Vargas-Molina, S., Odriozola-Martínez, A., & Kreider, R. B. (2022). A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review on Iron Metabolism and Immune System to Identify Potential Biomarkers of Exercise Stress-Induced Immunosuppression. Biomedicines, 10(3), 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030724
Colomer-Poveda, D., Romero-Arenas, S., Hortobagyi, T., & Márquez, G. (2021). Does ipsilateral corticospinal excitability play a decisive role in the cross-education effect caused by unilateral resistance training? A systematic review. Neurologia, 36(4), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2017.09.015
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Cuenca-Martínez, F., Suso-Martí, L., Sánchez-Martín, D., Soria-Soria, C., Serrano-Santos, J., Paris-Alemany, A., La Touche, R., & León-Hernández, J. V. (2020). Effects of Motor Imagery and Action Observation on Lumbo-pelvic Motor Control, Trunk Muscles Strength and Level of Perceived Fatigue: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1645941
Chamari, K., & Padulo, J. (2015). 'Aerobic' and 'Anaerobic' terms used in exercise physiology: a critical terminology reflection. Sports medicine - open, 1(1), 9-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0012-1
Dhawale, A. K., Smith, M. A., & Ölveczky, B. P. (2017). The Role of Variability in Motor Learning. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 40(1), 479-498. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031548
Fernandes, T. L., Pedrinelli, A., & Hernandez, A. J. (2011). Muscle Injury – Physiopathology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Presentation. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition), 46(3), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2255-4971(15)30190-7
Galhardoni, R., Correia, G. S., Araujo, H., Yeng, L. T., Fernandes, D. T., Kaziyama, H. H., & de Andrade, D. C. (2015). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Chronic Pain: A Review of the Literature. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(4), S156-S172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.11.010
García-Suárez, P. C., Rentería, I., Plaisance, E. P., Moncada-Jiménez, J., & Jiménez-Maldonado, A. (2021). The effects of interval training on peripheral brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8937-8951. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88496-x
Gokeler, A., Benjaminse, A., Hewett, T. E., Paterno, M. V., Ford, K. R., Otten, E., & Myer, G. D. (2013). Feedback Techniques to Target Functional Deficits Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Implications for Motor Control and Reduction of Second Injury Risk. Sports Medicine, 43(11), 1065-1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0095-0
Gomez-Pinilla, F., Vaynman, S., & Ying, Z. (2008). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions as a metabotrophin to mediate the effects of exercise on cognition. European Journal of Neuroscience, 28(11), 2278-2287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06524.x
Goodall, S., Howatson, G., Romer, L., & Ross, E. (2012). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in sport science: A commentary. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(sup1), S332-S340. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.704079
Green, L. A., & Gabriel, D. A. (2018). The cross education of strength and skill following unilateral strength training in the upper and lower limbs. Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(2), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00116.2018
Grier, T., Dinkeloo, E., Reynolds, M., & Jones, B. (2020). Sleep duration and musculoskeletal injury incidence in physically active men and women: A study of U.S. Army Special Operation Forces soldiers. Sleep Health, 6(3), 344-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.01.004
Hall, C. N., Howarth, C., Kurth-Nelson, Z., & Mishra, A. (2016). Interpreting BOLD: towards a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 371(1705), 20150348. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0348
Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L. L. (2020). Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nature Metabolism, 2(9), 817-828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4
Hortobágyi, T., Richardson, S. P., Lomarev, M., Shamim, E., Meunier, S., Russman, H., Dang, N., & Hallett, M. (2011). Interhemispheric plasticity in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1188–1199. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820a94b8
Islam, M. R., Young, M. F., & Wrann, C. D. (2017). The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in the Nervous System and as a Mediator for Beneficial Effects of Exercise on the Brain. In B. Spiegelman (Ed.), Hormones, Metabolism and the Benefits of Exercise (pp. 93-102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_8
Kapreli, E., & Athanasopoulos, S. (2006). The anterior cruciate ligament deficiency as a model of brain plasticity. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 645-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.063
Kraemer, W. J., & Looney, D. P. (2012). Underlying Mechanisms and Physiology of Muscular Power. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 34(6), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318270616d
Lapole, T., & Tindel, J. (2015). Acute effects of muscle vibration on sensorimotor integration. Neuroscience Letters, 587, 46-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.025
Lepore, E., Casola, I., Dobrowolny, G., & Musarò, A. (2019). Neuromuscular Junction as an Entity of Nerve-Muscle Communication. Cells, 8(8), 906-921. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8080906
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Como Citar
Jorge Mario, Jorge L., Jorge A., Salvador, Richard B., & Diego A. (2022). Cambios corticales como resultado de lesiones deportivas: Un comentario. Cuerpo, Cultura Y Movimiento, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.15332/2422474X.7884
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