Realidades e imaginarios de la ciudad inclusiva en el libro del Deuteronomio
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Resumen
Más de la mitad de la población mundial vive en ciudades y la tendencia es que el porcentaje aumente a corto plazo. Es necesario fomentar ciudades sostenibles e inclusivas. Aunque el concepto bíblico de “ciudad” no se corresponde exactamente con el actual, la Biblia muestra una relativa preocupación por las condiciones de vida de las ciudades y por cómo los israelitas debían vivir en ellas. Este trabajo analiza tres aspectos vinculados a la ciudad desde la panorámica del libro del Deuteronomio y desde la interpretación que hace la arqueología de la vivienda conocida como “casa de cuatro habitaciones”, considerada típica de Israel durante el período del Hierro II, correspondiente aproximadamente al período veterotestamentario de la historia de Israel: el ethos supuestamente igualitario de la “casa de cuatro habitaciones”; la integración de las personas desplazadas, extranjeras o nacionales, según el libro del Deuteronomio, y el imaginario idealizado de los espacios urbanos de la Tierra Prometida reflejado en el Deuteronomio.
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Palabras Clave
Deuteronomio, casa de cuatro habitaciones, desplazado vulnerable, ciudad, imaginario de la Tierra Prometida
Referencias
Aitken, J. K.-Marlow, H. F. (eds.) (2018). The City in the Hebrew Bible. Critical, Literary and Exegetical Approaches, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Albertz, R. (2011). “From Aliens to Proselytes: Non-Priestly and Priestly Legislation concerning Strangers”, en Achenbach, R.- Albertz,R.- and Wöhrle, J. (ed.) (2011) 53-70. The Foreigner and the Law: Perspectives from the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Andiñach, P. R., (2006). El libro del Éxodo, Salamanca: Sígueme.
Berquist, J. L.- Camp, C. V. (eds.) (2007), Constructions of Space I. Theory, Geography, and Narrative, London-New York: T & T Clark, London-New York.
Berquist, J. L.- Camp, C.V. (eds.) (2008). Constructions of Space II. The Biblical City and Other Imagined Spaces, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Borowski, O. (2003). Daily Life in Bliblical Times, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Childe, V. G. (1950), The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21, 3-17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40102108
Clark, D. L. (2003). Bricks, Sweat and Tears: The Human Investment in Constructing a "Four-Room" House. Near Eastern Archaeology 66, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210930
De León Azcárate, J. L. (2006). Levítico, Bilbao: Desclée De Brouwer.
De León Azcárate, J. L. (2009) Deuteronomio, Bilbao: Desclée De Brouwer.
De Vaux, R. (1976). Instituciones del Antiguo Testamento, Barcelona: Herder.
Del Olmo Lete, G. (1998). Mitos, leyendas y rituales de los semitas occidentales, Madrid-Barcelona: Trotta- Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
Dion, P.-E. (1976). Universalismo religioso en Israel. Desde los orígenes a la crisis macabea, Estella: Verbo Divino.
Faust, A. (1999). Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 26, 233-252. https://doi.org/10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.233
Faust, A. (2001). Doorway Orientation, Settlement Planning and Cosmology in Ancient Israel during the Iron Age II. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 20, 129-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00127
Faust, A. (2003). “The Farmstead in the Highlands of Iron Age II Israel”, en Maeir, A. M.- Dar, S.- Safrai, Z. (eds.) (2003) 91-104. The Rural Landscape of Ancient Israel, Oxford: The Basingstoke Press.
Faust, A. (2012). The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Faust, A. (2019). Purity and Impurity in Iron Age in Israel. Biblical Archaeology Review 45, 36-62.
Faust A.- Bunimovitz, S. (2003). “The Four Room House. Embodying Iron Age Israelite Society. Near Eastern Archaeology 66, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210929
Faust, A.- Bunimovitz, S. (2014). “The House and the World: The Israelite House as a Microcosm”, en Albertz, R.- Nakhai, B. A.- Olyan, S. M.- Schmitt, R. (eds.) (2014) 143-164. Family and Household Religion. Towards a Synthesis of Old Testament Studies, Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Cultural Studies, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Faust, A. et al. (2017) The birth, life and death of an Iron Age house at Tel ‘Eton, Israel, Levant, 49:2, 136-173, DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2017.1388027
Finkelstein I. (1996). Ethnicity and the Origin of the Iron Age I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the Real Israel Stand Up? Biblical Archaeologist 59, 198-212. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210562
Finkelstein, I. (2013). The Forgotten Kingdom. The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Frick, F. S. (1977). The City in Ancient Israel, Missoula, Montana: Scholar Press.
Fritz, V. (1995). The City in Ancient Israel, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
García Martínez, F. (1993). Textos de Qumrán, Madrid: Trotta.
Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities. The Archaeology of Urban Life in Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome, Abingdon: Routledge.
George, M. K. (2013). Constructions of Space IV. Further Developments in Examining Ancient Israel’s Social Space, New York-London: Bloomsbury.
Gerstenberger, E. S. (1965). Covenant and Commandment. Journal of Biblical Literature 84, 38-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/3264071
Glanville, M. (2018). The Gēr (Stranger) in Deuteronomy: Family for the Displaced. Journal of Biblical Literature 137, 599-623. https://doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1373.2018.446687
Grabbe, L. L.- Haak, R. D. (eds.) (2001). ‘Every City shall be Forsaken’. Urbanism and Prophecy in Ancient Israel and the Near East, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Granados, C. (2017). Deuteronomio, Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos.
Gray, A. R. (2018). “Reflections on the Meaning (s) of ‘ir in the Hebrew Bible”, en Aitken, J. K. & Marlow, H. F. (eds.) (2018) 17-34. The City in the Hebrew Bible. Critical, Literary and Exegetical Approaches, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Hartley J. E. (1992). Leviticus 1-27, Dallas-Texas: Word Books Publisher.
Hoppe, J. (2013). The Four-Room House. Bible Today 51, 318-324.
Houston, W. J. (2006). Contending for Justice: Ideologies and Theologies of Social Justice in the Old Testament, London: T&T Clark.
Houtman, C. (2000). Exodus. Volume 3. Chapters 20-40, Leuven: Peeters.
Kaplan, J. (2019). The Credibility of Liberty: The Plausibility of the Jubilee Legislation of Leviticus 25 in Ancient Israel and Judah. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 81, 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2019.0134
Lefevre, H. (1991). The Production of Space, Oxford, UK- Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
Marlow, H. F. (2018). “’A Land with Fine Large Cities’: Mapping the Landscapes of Deuteronomy”, en Aitken, J. K. & Marlow, H. F. (eds.) (2018) 73-88. The City in the Hebrew Bible. Critical, Literary and Exegetical Approaches, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Mena López, M. (compiladora) (2017). Biblia y ciudad. Pedagogías del buen vivir en contextos urbanos, Bogotá: Universidad Santo Tomás.
Meyers, C. (2005). Exodus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyers, C. (2010). “Arqueología. Una ventana abierta a la vida de las mujeres israelitas”, en Navarro, M.- Fischer, I. (eds.) (2010) 75-126. La Torah, Estella: Verbo Divino.
Milgrom, J. (2001). Leviticus 23-27, New York: Doubleday.
Mills, M. E. (2012). Urban Imagination in Bliblical Prophecy, New York-London: Bloomsbury.
Moran, W. L. (1963). The Ancient Near Eastern Background for the Love of God in Deuteronomy. Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25, 77-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43711394
Netzer, E. (1992). “Domestic Architecture in the Iron Age”, en Kempinski-, Reich, A. R. (eds.) (1992) 193-201. The Architecture of Ancient Israel. From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
North, R. (2000). The Biblical Jubilee… after fitty years, Roma: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
Nueva Biblia de Jerusalén (2009). Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer.
Okland, J.- De Vos, J. C.- Wenell, K. J. (eds.) (2016). Constructions of Space III. Biblical Spatiality and the Sacred, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Prinsloo, G. T. M.- Maier, C. M. (eds.) (2013). Constructions of Space V. Place, Space and Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean World, New York-London: Bloomsbury.
Radner, K. (2015). “Hired Labor in the Neo-Assyrian Empire”, en Steinkeller, P.- Hudson, M. (eds.) (2015), 329–343. Labor in the Ancient World. Volume V. A Colloquium Held at Hirschbach (Saxony), April 2005, Dresden: ISLET.
Ramírez Kidd, J. E. (1999). Alterity and Identity in Israel. The gēr in the Old Testament, Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Rogerson, J. W.- Vincent, J. (2014). The City in Biblical Perspective, London and New York: Routledge.
Roth, M. T. (1997). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.
Shanks, H. (2017). The Four-Room House: Ancient’s Israel’s Major Architectural Achievement. Biblical Archaeology Review 43.
Shiloh, Y. (1970). The Four-Room House. Its Situation and Function in the Israelite City. Israel Exploration Journal 20, 180-190. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925232
Shiloh, Y. (1987). “The Casemate Wall, the Four Room House, and Early Planning in the Israelite City”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 268, pp. 3-15. https://doi.org/10.2307/1356991
Soja, E. W. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Southall, A. (1998). The City in Time and Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tigay J. H. (1996). Deuteronomy, Philadelphia-Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society.
Todorov, T. (2008). El miedo a los bárbaros, Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg-Círculo de Lectores.
Turner, V. (1975). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society, Ithaca- London: Cornell University Press.
Van Houten, C. (1991). The Alien in Israelite Law, Sheffield: JSOT Press.
Weinfeld M. (1991). Deuteronomy 1–11. A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New York: Doubleday.
Wielenga, B. (2020). The gēr [immigrant] in postexilic prophetic eschatology: The perspectives of Ezekiel 47:22–23 and Malachi 3:5. In die Skriflig 54, a2617. https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.nokrv54i1.2617
Woods, E. J. (2011). Deuteronomy. An Introduction and Commentary, Downers Grove-Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press.
Albertz, R. (2011). “From Aliens to Proselytes: Non-Priestly and Priestly Legislation concerning Strangers”, en Achenbach, R.- Albertz,R.- and Wöhrle, J. (ed.) (2011) 53-70. The Foreigner and the Law: Perspectives from the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Andiñach, P. R., (2006). El libro del Éxodo, Salamanca: Sígueme.
Berquist, J. L.- Camp, C. V. (eds.) (2007), Constructions of Space I. Theory, Geography, and Narrative, London-New York: T & T Clark, London-New York.
Berquist, J. L.- Camp, C.V. (eds.) (2008). Constructions of Space II. The Biblical City and Other Imagined Spaces, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Borowski, O. (2003). Daily Life in Bliblical Times, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Childe, V. G. (1950), The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21, 3-17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40102108
Clark, D. L. (2003). Bricks, Sweat and Tears: The Human Investment in Constructing a "Four-Room" House. Near Eastern Archaeology 66, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210930
De León Azcárate, J. L. (2006). Levítico, Bilbao: Desclée De Brouwer.
De León Azcárate, J. L. (2009) Deuteronomio, Bilbao: Desclée De Brouwer.
De Vaux, R. (1976). Instituciones del Antiguo Testamento, Barcelona: Herder.
Del Olmo Lete, G. (1998). Mitos, leyendas y rituales de los semitas occidentales, Madrid-Barcelona: Trotta- Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
Dion, P.-E. (1976). Universalismo religioso en Israel. Desde los orígenes a la crisis macabea, Estella: Verbo Divino.
Faust, A. (1999). Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 26, 233-252. https://doi.org/10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.233
Faust, A. (2001). Doorway Orientation, Settlement Planning and Cosmology in Ancient Israel during the Iron Age II. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 20, 129-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00127
Faust, A. (2003). “The Farmstead in the Highlands of Iron Age II Israel”, en Maeir, A. M.- Dar, S.- Safrai, Z. (eds.) (2003) 91-104. The Rural Landscape of Ancient Israel, Oxford: The Basingstoke Press.
Faust, A. (2012). The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Faust, A. (2019). Purity and Impurity in Iron Age in Israel. Biblical Archaeology Review 45, 36-62.
Faust A.- Bunimovitz, S. (2003). “The Four Room House. Embodying Iron Age Israelite Society. Near Eastern Archaeology 66, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210929
Faust, A.- Bunimovitz, S. (2014). “The House and the World: The Israelite House as a Microcosm”, en Albertz, R.- Nakhai, B. A.- Olyan, S. M.- Schmitt, R. (eds.) (2014) 143-164. Family and Household Religion. Towards a Synthesis of Old Testament Studies, Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Cultural Studies, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Faust, A. et al. (2017) The birth, life and death of an Iron Age house at Tel ‘Eton, Israel, Levant, 49:2, 136-173, DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2017.1388027
Finkelstein I. (1996). Ethnicity and the Origin of the Iron Age I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the Real Israel Stand Up? Biblical Archaeologist 59, 198-212. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210562
Finkelstein, I. (2013). The Forgotten Kingdom. The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Frick, F. S. (1977). The City in Ancient Israel, Missoula, Montana: Scholar Press.
Fritz, V. (1995). The City in Ancient Israel, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
García Martínez, F. (1993). Textos de Qumrán, Madrid: Trotta.
Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities. The Archaeology of Urban Life in Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome, Abingdon: Routledge.
George, M. K. (2013). Constructions of Space IV. Further Developments in Examining Ancient Israel’s Social Space, New York-London: Bloomsbury.
Gerstenberger, E. S. (1965). Covenant and Commandment. Journal of Biblical Literature 84, 38-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/3264071
Glanville, M. (2018). The Gēr (Stranger) in Deuteronomy: Family for the Displaced. Journal of Biblical Literature 137, 599-623. https://doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1373.2018.446687
Grabbe, L. L.- Haak, R. D. (eds.) (2001). ‘Every City shall be Forsaken’. Urbanism and Prophecy in Ancient Israel and the Near East, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Granados, C. (2017). Deuteronomio, Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos.
Gray, A. R. (2018). “Reflections on the Meaning (s) of ‘ir in the Hebrew Bible”, en Aitken, J. K. & Marlow, H. F. (eds.) (2018) 17-34. The City in the Hebrew Bible. Critical, Literary and Exegetical Approaches, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Hartley J. E. (1992). Leviticus 1-27, Dallas-Texas: Word Books Publisher.
Hoppe, J. (2013). The Four-Room House. Bible Today 51, 318-324.
Houston, W. J. (2006). Contending for Justice: Ideologies and Theologies of Social Justice in the Old Testament, London: T&T Clark.
Houtman, C. (2000). Exodus. Volume 3. Chapters 20-40, Leuven: Peeters.
Kaplan, J. (2019). The Credibility of Liberty: The Plausibility of the Jubilee Legislation of Leviticus 25 in Ancient Israel and Judah. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 81, 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2019.0134
Lefevre, H. (1991). The Production of Space, Oxford, UK- Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
Marlow, H. F. (2018). “’A Land with Fine Large Cities’: Mapping the Landscapes of Deuteronomy”, en Aitken, J. K. & Marlow, H. F. (eds.) (2018) 73-88. The City in the Hebrew Bible. Critical, Literary and Exegetical Approaches, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Mena López, M. (compiladora) (2017). Biblia y ciudad. Pedagogías del buen vivir en contextos urbanos, Bogotá: Universidad Santo Tomás.
Meyers, C. (2005). Exodus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyers, C. (2010). “Arqueología. Una ventana abierta a la vida de las mujeres israelitas”, en Navarro, M.- Fischer, I. (eds.) (2010) 75-126. La Torah, Estella: Verbo Divino.
Milgrom, J. (2001). Leviticus 23-27, New York: Doubleday.
Mills, M. E. (2012). Urban Imagination in Bliblical Prophecy, New York-London: Bloomsbury.
Moran, W. L. (1963). The Ancient Near Eastern Background for the Love of God in Deuteronomy. Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25, 77-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43711394
Netzer, E. (1992). “Domestic Architecture in the Iron Age”, en Kempinski-, Reich, A. R. (eds.) (1992) 193-201. The Architecture of Ancient Israel. From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
North, R. (2000). The Biblical Jubilee… after fitty years, Roma: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
Nueva Biblia de Jerusalén (2009). Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer.
Okland, J.- De Vos, J. C.- Wenell, K. J. (eds.) (2016). Constructions of Space III. Biblical Spatiality and the Sacred, London-New York: T & T Clark.
Prinsloo, G. T. M.- Maier, C. M. (eds.) (2013). Constructions of Space V. Place, Space and Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean World, New York-London: Bloomsbury.
Radner, K. (2015). “Hired Labor in the Neo-Assyrian Empire”, en Steinkeller, P.- Hudson, M. (eds.) (2015), 329–343. Labor in the Ancient World. Volume V. A Colloquium Held at Hirschbach (Saxony), April 2005, Dresden: ISLET.
Ramírez Kidd, J. E. (1999). Alterity and Identity in Israel. The gēr in the Old Testament, Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Rogerson, J. W.- Vincent, J. (2014). The City in Biblical Perspective, London and New York: Routledge.
Roth, M. T. (1997). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.
Shanks, H. (2017). The Four-Room House: Ancient’s Israel’s Major Architectural Achievement. Biblical Archaeology Review 43.
Shiloh, Y. (1970). The Four-Room House. Its Situation and Function in the Israelite City. Israel Exploration Journal 20, 180-190. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925232
Shiloh, Y. (1987). “The Casemate Wall, the Four Room House, and Early Planning in the Israelite City”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 268, pp. 3-15. https://doi.org/10.2307/1356991
Soja, E. W. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Southall, A. (1998). The City in Time and Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tigay J. H. (1996). Deuteronomy, Philadelphia-Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society.
Todorov, T. (2008). El miedo a los bárbaros, Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg-Círculo de Lectores.
Turner, V. (1975). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society, Ithaca- London: Cornell University Press.
Van Houten, C. (1991). The Alien in Israelite Law, Sheffield: JSOT Press.
Weinfeld M. (1991). Deuteronomy 1–11. A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New York: Doubleday.
Wielenga, B. (2020). The gēr [immigrant] in postexilic prophetic eschatology: The perspectives of Ezekiel 47:22–23 and Malachi 3:5. In die Skriflig 54, a2617. https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.nokrv54i1.2617
Woods, E. J. (2011). Deuteronomy. An Introduction and Commentary, Downers Grove-Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press.
Cómo citar
De León Azcárate, J. L. (2021). Realidades e imaginarios de la ciudad inclusiva en el libro del Deuteronomio. Revista Albertus Magnus, 12(2). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.usantotomas.edu.co/index.php/albertus-magnus/article/view/7460
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