Published
2025-04-25

An Alternative Framework for Classroom Observations: Shifting the Focus from Teachers to Students

Un marco alternativo para la observación de clases: desplazar la atención de los profesores a los alumnos

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15332/24224529.9917
Jorge Alexander Aristizabal Fúquene https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-0206

Abstract (en)

This paper proposes an alternative framework for classroom observations that shifts the focus from teacher actions to student actions. The framework introduces a comprehensive rubric with four perspectives to document students’ observable behaviors and attitudes as evidence of engagement, alongside four qualitative indicators to assess the observable conditions of the classroom. This approach values the teacher’s contribution as an additional observer and serves as a compass for fostering continuous improvement. The methodology included field testing of the rubric, teacher feedback, and structured interviews. The results indicate that teachers appreciate being part of the observation process, emphasizing the process rather than the individual, and view the descriptors as tools for ongoing professional growth. The framework is designed for student-centered learning environments where the focus of classroom observations is on teaching and learning rather than on administrative or ancillary tasks.

Keywords (en): student-centered learning, classroom observations, student engagement, teaching effectiveness, pedagogical practices, qualitative indicators, educational frameworks, continuous improvement, didactic structure, assessment for learning

Abstract (es)

Este artículo propone un marco alternativo para las observaciones en el aula que desplaza el enfoque de las acciones del docente a las acciones del estudiante. El marco introduce una rúbrica integral con cuatro perspectivas para documentar los comportamientos y actitudes observables de los estudiantes como evidencia de su nivel de participación, junto con cuatro indicadores cualitativos para evaluar las condiciones observables del aula. Este enfoque valora la contribución del docente como un observador adicional y sirve como una guía para fomentar la mejora continua. La metodología incluyó pruebas de campo de la rúbrica, retroalimentación de los docentes y entrevistas estructuradas. Los resultados indican que los docentes aprecian ser parte del proceso de observación, destacando el proceso sobre el individuo, y consideran que los descriptores son herramientas para el desarrollo profesional continuo. El marco está diseñado para entornos de aprendizaje centrados en el estudiante, donde el foco de las observaciones en el aula se encuentra en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, en lugar de en tareas administrativas o auxiliares.

Keywords (es): aprendizaje centrado en el estudiante, efectividad docente, estructura didáctica, evaluación para el aprendizaje, indicadores cualitativos, marcos educativos, mejora continua, observaciones en el aula, participación estudiantil, prácticas pedagógicas

Abstract (pt)

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma estrutura alternativa para observações em sala de aula que muda o foco das ações do professor para as ações do aluno. A estrutura inclui uma rubrica abrangente com quatro perspectivas que permitem aos observadores documentar comportamentos e atitudes observáveis dos alunos como evidências de engajamento, bem como quatro indicadores qualitativos para identificar o status observável da sala de aula. A estrutura valoriza a contribuição do professor como um observador adicional e funciona como uma bússola para estabelecer caminhos de melhoria. A metodologia envolveu o teste de campo da rubrica, feedback e entrevistas com os professores participantes. Os resultados indicam que os professores valorizam a oportunidade de fazer parte do processo de observação, com o foco sendo o processo e não o indivíduo, e os descritores como instrumentos para melhoria contínua. Esta estrutura é destinada a ambientes de aprendizagem onde os alunos são o centro do processo de aprendizagem, e as observações em sala de aula são limitadas ao ensino e aprendizagem e não a tarefas administrativas ou auxiliares de ensino.

References

Airasian, P. W. (2002). La evaluación en el salón de clases. México: McGraw Hill.

Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., Kim, D., & Reschly, A. L. (2006). Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument. Journal of School Psychology, 44(5), 427-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.002

Aristizábal, J. A. (2017). Diseño y aportes de un modelo para minería de datos educativos en aulas de educación media de carácter presencial (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from https://repository.usta.edu.co/handle/11634/3945

Attard, A., Ioio, E. D., Geven, K., & Santa, R. (2010). Student-centered learning: An insight into theory and practice. Education International European Students’ Union. Retrieved from https://www.esu-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2010-T4SCL-Stakeholders-Forum-Leuven-An-Insight-Into-Theory-And-Practice.pdf

Banning, M. (2005). Approaches to teaching: Current opinions and related research. Nurse Education Today, 25(7). Retrieved from https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1534/1/appproaches%20to%20teaching.pdf

Chizhik, E., & Chizhik, A. (2016). (Re)conceptualizing the purpose of the lesson plan. Journal of Educational Thought, 49(2), 210-225. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26372371

Cicek, V., & Tok, H. (2022). Effective use of lesson plans to enhance education in U.S. and Turkish kindergarten thru 12th grade public school system: A comparative study. International Journal of Teaching and Education. Retrieved from https://www.iises.net/download/Soubory/soubory-puvodni/pp10-20ijote_V2N2.pdf

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper Collins e-Books. Retrieved from https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/authenticityandastonishment2/files/2013/04/Mihaly-Csikszentmihalyi-Flow1.pdf

Danielson, C. (2007). Enhancing professional practice: A framework for teaching (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Collier Books.

Entwistle, N. (1997). Contrasting perspectives on learning. In F. Marton, D. Hounsell, & W. J. Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching and studying in higher education (2nd ed., pp. 3-22). Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.

Ernest, P. (1994). Varieties of constructivism: Their metaphors, epistemologies and pedagogical implications. Hiroshima Journal of Mathematics Education.

Fredericks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109. http://rer.sagepub.com/content/74/1/59.abstract

Friesen, N., & Su, H. (2022). What is pedagogy? Discovering the hidden pedagogical dimension. Educational Theory, 73(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12569

Gassenheimer, C. (2019). Hattie says teacher clarity is one of the top learning interventions. Here’s how it works. Alabama Best Practices Center. Retrieved from https://aplusala.org/best-practices-center/2019/10/31/hattie-says-teacher-clarity-is-one-of-top-learning-interventions-heres-how-it-works/

Gray, A. (1997). Constructivist teaching and learning. SSTA Research Centre Report, 97-07.

Hattie, J. (2008). Visible learning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2011.566346

Hua, Z., Harris, A., & Ollin, R. (2011). Student autonomy and awareness: Vocational education and student-centred learning in China. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 63(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2011.566346

Kalpana, T. (2014). A constructivist perspective on teaching and learning: A conceptual framework. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 27-29.

Knight, S., Buckingham, S., & Littleton, K. (2014). Epistemology, assessment, pedagogy: Where learning meets analytics in the middle space. Journal of Learning Analytics. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1127031.pdf

López, G. (2008). Interacción y comunicación: hacia el constructivismo virtual. Retrieved from http://e-constructivismo.blogspot.com/2008/10/interaccin-y-comunicacin-hacia-el.html

Marzano, R. J. (2003). What works in schools. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, D. J. (2003). Classroom management that works: Research-based strategies for every teacher. New York, NY: Pearson Education.

McCormick, B. (2019). Students' perspectives regarding their emotional engagement in middle school learning environments (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/5097

Rigo, D. Y. (2013). Compromiso hacia las tareas académicas: diseños instructivos e inteligencias múltiples. Ikastorratza, e-Revista de didáctica, 10, 3-15. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4476793

Riskulova, K. D., & Yuldoshova, U. B. (2020). The role of didactics in teaching process. ISJTheoretical & Applied Science, 05(85), 786-792. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342161000_THE_ROLE_OF_DIDACTICS_IN_TEACHING_PROCESS

Schlecty, P. (1994). Increasing Student Engagement. Missouri: Leadership Academy. https://www.rcsdk12.org/cms/lib/NY01001156/Centricity/Domain/1053/sc_pdf_engagement.pdf

Schoenfeld, A. H., et al (2005). Learning with and from TRU: Teacher Educators and the Teaching for Robust Understanding Framework. Trueframework.org. https://truframework.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Schoenfeld-et-al.-Learning-with-and-from-TRU-2019.pdf

Souders, B. (2020). Motivation in Education: What It Takes to Motivate Our Kids. https://positivepsychology.com/motivation-education/

Sun, J. C. Y., and Rueda, R. (2012). Situational interest, computer self-efficacy and self-regulation: their impact on student engagement in distance education. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 43, 191–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x

Trowler, V. (2010). Student Engagement Literature Review. The Higher Education Academy. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322342119_Student_Engagement_Literature_Review#fullTextFileContent

Villacanas de Castro, L. S. (2014). Epistemology and Pedagogy Re-Examined. The Unsuspected Potential ff John Elliott’s «Liberal» Pedagogy For Teaching Content-Goals in the Social and Human Sciences. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. https://revistas.usal.es/tres/index.php/1130-3743/article/download/teoredu201426193113/12715/44554

Weimer, M. (2002). Learner-centere Teaching: Five Key Changes to Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Dimensions

PlumX

Visitas

178

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

How to Cite

Aristizabal Fúquene, J. A. (2025). An Alternative Framework for Classroom Observations: Shifting the Focus from Teachers to Students. CITAS, 10(2), 102-126. https://doi.org/10.15332/24224529.9917