Heavy Metal Toxicity Levels and Ecological Risk Assessment of Petroleum-Based Pollutants in the Sediments of the Soku Oil and Gas Field of Southern, Nigeria
Niveles de toxicidad de metales pesados y evaluación del riesgo ecológico de los contaminantes derivados del petróleo en los sedimentos del campo petrolífero y gasífero de Soku, en el sur de Nigeria
Resumen (es)
La planta de gas Soku y las instalaciones petroleras asociadas en el sur de Nigeria han sido una fuente continua de vertidos de petróleo y otros residuos industriales a los ecosistemas circundantes. Se utilizaron métodos estándar para analizar las concentraciones de metales pesados (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr y Cd) y HAP en los sedimentos. El resultado de este estudio reveló que la concentración tanto de HAP como de metales pesados se encontraba dentro de los valores de referencia de PEL y TEL. Se llevaron a cabo cinco métodos de evaluación de la contaminación por metales, entre ellos el índice de geoacumulación (I-geo), el factor de contaminación (Cf), el índice de carga contaminante (PLI), el índice de riesgo ecológico potencial (PERI) y la toxicidad de los metales. Los resultados del CF, el CD y el PLI en este estudio mostraron que el Cd tenía los valores medios más altos y el Cr los más bajos entre los cinco metales estudiados. El factor de contaminación en la zona de estudio mostró niveles más altos para el cadmio y más bajos para el cromo en todas las estaciones, mientras que el PERI calculado para todas las estaciones de muestreo de la zona de estudio indicó un riesgo ecológico potencial bajo. El índice de riesgo ecológico potencial (PERI) puede clasificarse en el siguiente orden: Estación 3 (Pangapingi) > Estación 4 (Soku Jetty) > Estación 2 (Planta de gas) > Estación 1 (Elem Sangama). La distribución espacial de los índices de riesgo únicos (Eir) mostró un riesgo de moderado a bajo. Las clases I-geo para el área de estudio variaron según los metales y los sitios, desde no contaminados hasta moderadamente contaminados. Se recomendó la limpieza de la contaminación por hidrocarburos y el pago de indemnizaciones según lo exigido por la ley y los convenios.
Resumen (en)
The Soku Gas Plant and associated oil facilities in South-south Nigeria has been a source of continuous discharge of oil spills and other industrial wastes to the ecosystems surrounding it. Standard methods were used to analyse the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) and PAHs in the sediments. The result of this study revealed that the concentration of both PAHs and heavy metals were within the PEL and TEL guideline values. Five methods of pollution assessment of metals were conducted including the Geo-accumulation Index (I-geo), Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) and Metal Toxicity. The result of CF, CD, and PLI In this study, Cd had the highest and Cr had the lowest CF average values among the five metals studied. The contamination factor in the study area showed higher levels for cadmium and lower levels for chromium in all stations while the calculated PERI for all the sample stations in the study area indicated low potential ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) can be ranked in the following order: Station 3 (Pangapingi)> Station 4 (Soku Jetty) > Station 2(Gas plant) > Station 1(Elem Sangama). Spatial distribution of single risk indices (Eir) showed moderate to low risk. The I-geo classes for the study area varied across metals and sites ranging from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. Clean-up of oil pollution and payment of compensation as required by law and convention was recommended.
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