Los conflictos alrededor del “cambio institucional” petrolero venezolano entre 1936 y 1943
Abstract (en)
Los ministros Néstor Luis Pérez (1936-1938) y Manuel Rafael Egaña (1938-1941 y 1949) en el gobierno de López Contreras (1936-1941) hicieron importantes contribuciones al desarrollo del marco institucional petrolero después de muerte de Gómez en diciembre de 1935. La gestión de estos ministros tuvo que enfrentar las demandas que las compañías petroleras internacionales ejercieron en bloque contra la Nación des- de 1937 a raíz de la promulgación de la Ley sobre Hidrocarburos y demás Minerales Combustibles de 1936. Con esa ley, el Estado intentó suprimir la exoneración de dere- cho de importación a las concesiones anteriores a esta. A pesar de que la Nación perdió todas las demandas entre 1938 y 1941, Pérez y Egaña lograron encontrar los mecanis- mos adecuados para compensar esas derrotas jurídicas formales. Con esos mecanismos informales, lograron promocionar los éxitos que desesperadamente necesitaba el Estado venezolano para configurar el cambio institucional que el país estaba pidiendo en cuan- to a obligar a las compañías internacionales a someterse a un régimen de impuestos no específicamente petroleros (derechos de importación). Aquí se examina ese proceso que allanó el camino para el espectacular éxito de la posterior Ley de Hidrocarburos de 1943 desde el enfoque neo institucional de Douglass North.
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