2020-07-01
La resistencia palestina: praxis no violenta desde un paradigma gramsciano
The Palestinian Resistance: Nonviolent Praxis in a Gramscian Paradigm
Resumen (es)
Este artículo analiza la praxis de la resistencia no-violenta en Palestina a través de la lente de Gramsci. El artículo inicia con una investigación histórica sobre los principales fenómenos de la tradición de resistencia palestina, cuyas expresiones no-violentas se destacan para demostrar su continuidad y su efectividad, centrándose en tres levantamientos del movimiento nacional donde se desplegó esta forma de resistencia: la Revuelta Árabe, la Primera Intifada y la Intifada de Al Aqsa. Más adelante se presenta el marco de la tradición teórica de la lucha no-violenta para interpretar las acciones y estrategias de resistencia popular palestina. Finalmente, estas formas de resistencia se integran e incluyen en el paradigma hegemónico alternativo de Gramsci, con el fin de avivar la discusión en torno a una estrategia orgánica no-violenta de resistencia política.
Palabras clave (es):
no-violencia, resistencia civil, resistencia popular, Palestina, Gramsci
Resumen (en)
This article analyses the praxis of nonviolent resistance in Palestine through the lens of Gramsci. First, it begins with a historical inquiry into the major phenomena of the Palestinian resistance tradition. Its nonviolent expressions are highlighted in order to prove their continuity as well as their effectiveness, focusing on three uprisings of the national movement where this form of resistance was deployed: the Arab revolt, the First Intifada, and the Al Aqsa Intifada. Then, it presents the framework of the theoretical tradition of nonviolent struggle in order to interpret Palestinian popular resistance actions and strategies. Finally, these forms of resistance are embedded, and subsumed, in a Gramscian alternative hegemonic paradigm, so as to enhance the discussion around an organic nonviolent strategy of political resistance.
Palabras clave (en):
Nonviolence, Civil Resistance, Popular Resistance, Palestine, Gramsci
Referencias
Abdel Jawad, S. (1990). Regarding the tasks of Next Stage: Methods of Mass Support to Intifada. Jerusalem: Center for Development Studies. Original in Arabic, صالح ، عبد الجواد (1990) حول مهمات المرحلة القادمة أساليب الدعم الجماهيري للانتفاضة ، لندن : مركز القدس للدراسات الإنمائية ، ص، 4-12.
Abed, G. T. (1989). The Political Economy of Resistance in the Occupied Territories. Journal of Refugee Studies, 2(1), 55-63.
Abusalim, J. (2018). The Great March of Return: An organizer’s perspective. Journal of Palestine Studies, 47(4), 90-100.
Ackerman, P. & Kruegler, C. (1994). Strategic non-Violent conflict. The Dynamics of People’s Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport: Praeger.
Aliqtisadi, S. (1989). Methods of Popular Resistance in the First Intifada, Samed, 11(75), 191-200. Original article in Arabic, صامد الاقتصادي ، (1989) أساليب المقاومة الشعبية في الانتفاضة ، السنة 11، العدد 75 ، ص. 191-200.
Alnasseri, S. (2016). Arab Revolution and Beyond. The Middle East and Reverberations in the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Andoni, G. (2001). A Comparative Study of Intifada 1987 and Intifada 2000. In R. Carey (Ed.), The New Intifada: Resisting the Israeli Apartheid. London: Verso.
B’tselem. (2011). 29 June 2011: Separation Barrier moved, but some 1,300 dunams of Bil’in land remain on other side. Retrieved from https://www.btselem.org/topic-page/29611-1300
Barghouti, M. (2017). Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel’s Prisons, New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/16/opinion/palestinian-hunger-strike-prisoners-call-for-justice.html
Bartkowski, M. (Ed.) (2013). Recovering nonviolent history. Civil resistance in liberation struggles. London-Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Barreñada Bajo, I. (2006). Identidad nacional y ciudadanía en el conflicto israelopalestino: los palestinos con ciudadanía israelí, parte del conflicto y excluidos del proceso de paz. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense.
Basallote Marín, A., Checa Hidalgo, D., López Arias, L. and Ramos Tolosa, J. (2017). Existir es resistir. Pasado y presente de Palestina-Israel. Granada: Comares.
Beaumont, P. (2016). Israel passes law to force NGOs to reveal foreign funding. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/israel-passes-law-to-force-ngos-to-reveal-foreign-funding
Beaumont, P. (2017). Hamas and Fatah sign deal over control of Gaza Strip. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/12/hamas-claims-deal-agreed-fatah-control-gaza-strip
Berger, Y. (2017). How Many Settlers Really Live in the West Bank? Haaretz Investigation Reveals. Haaretz. Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.794730
Berrigan, F. (2009). Made in the U.S.A.: American Military Aid to Israel. Journal of Palestine Studies, 38(3), 6-21.
Botta, A. & G. Viaggi (2012). A Post-Keynesian Model of the Palestinian Economy: The Economics of an Investment-Constrained Economy. Review of Political Economy, 24(2), 203-26.
Burgis-Kashtala, M. L. (2014). Over-stating Palestine’s UN Membership Bid? An Ethnographic Study on the Narratives of Statehood. The European Journal of International Law, 25(3), 677-701.
Carter, A. (2012). People power and political change. Key issues and concepts. Milton Park: Routledge.
Checa Hidalgo, D. (2016). Resistiendo la ocupación de los Territorios Palestinos. Oportunidades y desafíos de la lucha no-violenta. Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islám, 65, 3-20.
Checa Hidalgo, D. (2017). El desarrollo de identidades palestinas diferenciadas bajo el poder colonial. In Ch. Olivieri and A. Ortega Santos (Eds.). Decolonizando Identidades. Pertenencia y Rechazo de/desde el Sur Global (pp. 131-144). Granada: Instituto de Migraciones.
Chomsky, N. (1999). Fateful Triangle. The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians. London: Pluto Press.
Clark, N. L. & Worger, W. H. (2011). South Africa. The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. London and New York: Routledge.
Darweish, M. & Rigby, A. (2015). Popular protest in Palestine. The uncertain future of unarmed resistance. London: Pluto Press.
Dudouet, V. (2009). Cross Bordet Non-Violent Advocacy During the Second Intifada: The International Solidarity Movement. In H. Clark (Ed.), Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity. London: Pluto Press.
Erakat, S. (1990). Intifada and the Surrounding Variables. Jerusalem: Dar Alawdeh for Studies and Publications. Original in Arabic, عريقات ، صائب (1990) الانتفاضة والمتغيرات ، القدس : دار العودة للدراسات والنشر ، ص. 30-35.
Foschi, L. (2018). Failed Hegemonies and Reactive Intrastates. The Cases of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan in Iraq, Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine. PhD thesis, University of Cagliari.
Frosini, F. & Liguori, G. (eds.) (2004). Le parole di Gramsci. Per un lessico dei Quaderni del Carcere. Roma: Carocci.
Galtung, J. (1989). Non-Violence and Israel/Palestine. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Gelvin, J. L. (2011). The Modern Middle East. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gijón Mendigutia, M. (2015). Historia del movimiento de mujeres en Palestina, Tafalla: Txalaparta.
Gramsci, A. (2007) [1975]. Quaderni del Carcere (Edizione critica dell’Istituto Gramsci, Valentino Gerratana (Ed.)). Torino: Einaudi.
Gran, P. (2009). The Rise of the Rich - A New View of Modern World History. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Gribetz, J. (2012). The Question of Palestine before the international community, 1924: A Methodological inquiry into the Charge of “Bias”. Israel Studies, 17(1), 50-77.
Gupta, D. & Mundra, K. (2005). Suicide Bombing as a strategic weapon: an empirical investigation of Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(4), 573-98.
Hanieh, A. (2010). The Internationalisation of Gulf Capital and Palestinian Class Formation. Capital & Class, 35(1), 81-106.
Hussein, Ch. (2015). The Re-Emergence of the Single State Solution in Palestine/Israel Countering an Illusion. London: Reutledge.
Ibhais, H. & Ayed, K. (2013). The Separation Wall in the West Bank. Beirut: Al- Zaytounah Center for Studies and Consultations.
Kayyali, A. W. (2014). Palestina, una historia moderna. Colonización sionista, imperialismo británico y resistencia nativa hasta 1939. Madrid: Bósforo Libros.
Khalidi, R. (1997). Palestinian identity: The construction of modern national consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kimmerling, B. & Migdal, J. S. (2003). The Palestinian People. A History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kramer, G. (2008). A History of Palestine from the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Leech, P. (2016). The State of Palestine: A critical analysis. Milton Park 4: Routledge.
López Martínez, M. (2017). ¿Noviolencia o barbarie? El arte de no dejarse deshumanizar. Madrid: Dykinson.
Madeyah, S. (2002). Non-Violent Resistance: Matching Means with Goals. Roaya, 16. Original article in Arabic, مضية ، سعيد (2002)، نضال اللاعنف انسجام الوسيلة مع الهدف ، رؤية ، السنة الثانية ، العدد 16 ، شباط 2002، ص. pp. 181-191.
MacMahon, S. F. (2014). The Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions campaign: contradictions and challenges. Race and Class, 55(4), 65-81.
Mansour, A. (1988). The West Bank Economy: 1948-1984. In G. T. Abed, The Palestinian Economy: studies in development under prolonged occupation. London: Routledge.
Masalha, N. (2018). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. London: Zed Books.
McAdam, D. (1999). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Mishal, S. (1981). Nationalism through Localism: Some Observations on the West Bank Political Elite. Middle Eastern Studies, 17(4), 477-491.
Morton, A. D. (2007). Unravelling Gramsci. Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the Global Economy. London: Pluto Press.
Nazzal, H. (2010). Peaceful Resistance in International Conflict: Palestine as Case Study. Unpublished Master Thesis, Birzeit University.
Norman, J. M. (2010). The Second Palestinian Intifada. Civil Resistance. London and New York: Routledge.
Qumsiyeh, M. (2011). Popular Resistance in Palestine: History of Hope and Empowerment. Ramallah: Muwaitin, The Palestinian Center for Democracy.
Pappe, I. (2014). Storia della Palestina Moderna. Una Terra due popoli. Torino: Einaudi.
Pfeffer, A. (2010). Mass Demonstration in Bil'in Marks Five Years of Protests Against West Bank Separation Fence. Haaretz. Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.com/1.5032984
Porath, Y. (1995). The Palestinian Arab National Movement 1918-1929. London: Frank Cass.
Qtait J. et al. (2006). Arab and Boycotting of Israel. Amman: Center for Middle East Studies. Original in Arabic, جهادقطيط،العربومقاطعةإسرائيل،عمان: مركزدراساتالشرقالأوسط،٢٠٠٤،ص, 30-40.
Randle, M. (1994). Civil Resistance. London: Fontana.
Reuters. (2017). Benjamin Netanyahu threatens to expel al-Jazeera from Israel. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/benjamin-netanyahu-threatens-to-expel-al-jazeera-from-israel
Rigby, A. (1991). Living the intifada. London: Zed Books.
Roberts, A. and Ash, T. G. (eds.) (2009). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of non-Violence Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, G. E. (1993). The Role of the Professional Middle Class in the Mobilization of Palestine Society: The Medical and Agricultural Committees. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 25(2), 301-26.
Rodman, K. A. (1994). Public and Private Sanctions against South Africa. Political Science Quarterly, 109(2), 313-34.
Roy, S. (1987). The Gaza Strip, A Case of Economic De-Development. Journal of Palestine Studies, 17(1), 56-88.
RT (2017). University lecturer denied entry to Israel, banned for 10 years. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/uk/363194-israel-bans-soas-lecturer/
Said, E. (1992). The Question of Palestine. New York: Vintage Books.
Sayigh, Y. (1997). Armed struggle and the Search for State. The Palestinian National Movement 1949-1993. Oxford: Institute for Palestine Studies, Clarendon Press.
Schock, K. (2013). The practice and study of civil resistance. Journal of Peace Research, 50(3), 277-290.
Semelin, J. (1993). Unarmed Resistance against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe 1939-1943. Westport: Praeger Publisher.
Sharp, G. (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston: Porter Sargent.
Sharp, G. (1980). Social Power and Political Freedom. Boston: Porter Sargent.
Spayd, L. (2017). An Op-Ed Author Omits His Crimes, and The Times Does Too. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/public-editor/an-op-ed-author-omits-his-crimes-and-the-times-does-too.html
Stein, L. R. & Swedenburg. T. (2004). Popular Culture, Relational History, and the Question of Power in Palestine and Israel. Journal of Palestine Studies, 33(4), 5-20.
Tilley, V. (2005). The one-state solution. A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Deadlock. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Turner, M. (2001). Creating ‘Partners for Peace’: The Palestinian Authority and the International Statebuilding Agenda. Journal of Intervention and State building, 5(1), 1-21.
Vinthagen, S. (2015). A theory of nonviolent action. How civil resistance works. London: Zed Books.
Rings, W. (1982). Life with the enemy. Collaboration and resistance in Hitler’s Europe 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday and Company.
Yousef, A. (1974). Haj Amin Al Husseini between Political Realism and Traditional Dogmatism. Najah University Journal, 2(2), 541-566.
Abed, G. T. (1989). The Political Economy of Resistance in the Occupied Territories. Journal of Refugee Studies, 2(1), 55-63.
Abusalim, J. (2018). The Great March of Return: An organizer’s perspective. Journal of Palestine Studies, 47(4), 90-100.
Ackerman, P. & Kruegler, C. (1994). Strategic non-Violent conflict. The Dynamics of People’s Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport: Praeger.
Aliqtisadi, S. (1989). Methods of Popular Resistance in the First Intifada, Samed, 11(75), 191-200. Original article in Arabic, صامد الاقتصادي ، (1989) أساليب المقاومة الشعبية في الانتفاضة ، السنة 11، العدد 75 ، ص. 191-200.
Alnasseri, S. (2016). Arab Revolution and Beyond. The Middle East and Reverberations in the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Andoni, G. (2001). A Comparative Study of Intifada 1987 and Intifada 2000. In R. Carey (Ed.), The New Intifada: Resisting the Israeli Apartheid. London: Verso.
B’tselem. (2011). 29 June 2011: Separation Barrier moved, but some 1,300 dunams of Bil’in land remain on other side. Retrieved from https://www.btselem.org/topic-page/29611-1300
Barghouti, M. (2017). Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel’s Prisons, New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/16/opinion/palestinian-hunger-strike-prisoners-call-for-justice.html
Bartkowski, M. (Ed.) (2013). Recovering nonviolent history. Civil resistance in liberation struggles. London-Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Barreñada Bajo, I. (2006). Identidad nacional y ciudadanía en el conflicto israelopalestino: los palestinos con ciudadanía israelí, parte del conflicto y excluidos del proceso de paz. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense.
Basallote Marín, A., Checa Hidalgo, D., López Arias, L. and Ramos Tolosa, J. (2017). Existir es resistir. Pasado y presente de Palestina-Israel. Granada: Comares.
Beaumont, P. (2016). Israel passes law to force NGOs to reveal foreign funding. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/israel-passes-law-to-force-ngos-to-reveal-foreign-funding
Beaumont, P. (2017). Hamas and Fatah sign deal over control of Gaza Strip. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/12/hamas-claims-deal-agreed-fatah-control-gaza-strip
Berger, Y. (2017). How Many Settlers Really Live in the West Bank? Haaretz Investigation Reveals. Haaretz. Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.794730
Berrigan, F. (2009). Made in the U.S.A.: American Military Aid to Israel. Journal of Palestine Studies, 38(3), 6-21.
Botta, A. & G. Viaggi (2012). A Post-Keynesian Model of the Palestinian Economy: The Economics of an Investment-Constrained Economy. Review of Political Economy, 24(2), 203-26.
Burgis-Kashtala, M. L. (2014). Over-stating Palestine’s UN Membership Bid? An Ethnographic Study on the Narratives of Statehood. The European Journal of International Law, 25(3), 677-701.
Carter, A. (2012). People power and political change. Key issues and concepts. Milton Park: Routledge.
Checa Hidalgo, D. (2016). Resistiendo la ocupación de los Territorios Palestinos. Oportunidades y desafíos de la lucha no-violenta. Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Arabe-Islám, 65, 3-20.
Checa Hidalgo, D. (2017). El desarrollo de identidades palestinas diferenciadas bajo el poder colonial. In Ch. Olivieri and A. Ortega Santos (Eds.). Decolonizando Identidades. Pertenencia y Rechazo de/desde el Sur Global (pp. 131-144). Granada: Instituto de Migraciones.
Chomsky, N. (1999). Fateful Triangle. The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians. London: Pluto Press.
Clark, N. L. & Worger, W. H. (2011). South Africa. The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. London and New York: Routledge.
Darweish, M. & Rigby, A. (2015). Popular protest in Palestine. The uncertain future of unarmed resistance. London: Pluto Press.
Dudouet, V. (2009). Cross Bordet Non-Violent Advocacy During the Second Intifada: The International Solidarity Movement. In H. Clark (Ed.), Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity. London: Pluto Press.
Erakat, S. (1990). Intifada and the Surrounding Variables. Jerusalem: Dar Alawdeh for Studies and Publications. Original in Arabic, عريقات ، صائب (1990) الانتفاضة والمتغيرات ، القدس : دار العودة للدراسات والنشر ، ص. 30-35.
Foschi, L. (2018). Failed Hegemonies and Reactive Intrastates. The Cases of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan in Iraq, Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine. PhD thesis, University of Cagliari.
Frosini, F. & Liguori, G. (eds.) (2004). Le parole di Gramsci. Per un lessico dei Quaderni del Carcere. Roma: Carocci.
Galtung, J. (1989). Non-Violence and Israel/Palestine. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Gelvin, J. L. (2011). The Modern Middle East. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gijón Mendigutia, M. (2015). Historia del movimiento de mujeres en Palestina, Tafalla: Txalaparta.
Gramsci, A. (2007) [1975]. Quaderni del Carcere (Edizione critica dell’Istituto Gramsci, Valentino Gerratana (Ed.)). Torino: Einaudi.
Gran, P. (2009). The Rise of the Rich - A New View of Modern World History. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Gribetz, J. (2012). The Question of Palestine before the international community, 1924: A Methodological inquiry into the Charge of “Bias”. Israel Studies, 17(1), 50-77.
Gupta, D. & Mundra, K. (2005). Suicide Bombing as a strategic weapon: an empirical investigation of Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(4), 573-98.
Hanieh, A. (2010). The Internationalisation of Gulf Capital and Palestinian Class Formation. Capital & Class, 35(1), 81-106.
Hussein, Ch. (2015). The Re-Emergence of the Single State Solution in Palestine/Israel Countering an Illusion. London: Reutledge.
Ibhais, H. & Ayed, K. (2013). The Separation Wall in the West Bank. Beirut: Al- Zaytounah Center for Studies and Consultations.
Kayyali, A. W. (2014). Palestina, una historia moderna. Colonización sionista, imperialismo británico y resistencia nativa hasta 1939. Madrid: Bósforo Libros.
Khalidi, R. (1997). Palestinian identity: The construction of modern national consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kimmerling, B. & Migdal, J. S. (2003). The Palestinian People. A History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kramer, G. (2008). A History of Palestine from the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Leech, P. (2016). The State of Palestine: A critical analysis. Milton Park 4: Routledge.
López Martínez, M. (2017). ¿Noviolencia o barbarie? El arte de no dejarse deshumanizar. Madrid: Dykinson.
Madeyah, S. (2002). Non-Violent Resistance: Matching Means with Goals. Roaya, 16. Original article in Arabic, مضية ، سعيد (2002)، نضال اللاعنف انسجام الوسيلة مع الهدف ، رؤية ، السنة الثانية ، العدد 16 ، شباط 2002، ص. pp. 181-191.
MacMahon, S. F. (2014). The Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions campaign: contradictions and challenges. Race and Class, 55(4), 65-81.
Mansour, A. (1988). The West Bank Economy: 1948-1984. In G. T. Abed, The Palestinian Economy: studies in development under prolonged occupation. London: Routledge.
Masalha, N. (2018). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. London: Zed Books.
McAdam, D. (1999). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Mishal, S. (1981). Nationalism through Localism: Some Observations on the West Bank Political Elite. Middle Eastern Studies, 17(4), 477-491.
Morton, A. D. (2007). Unravelling Gramsci. Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the Global Economy. London: Pluto Press.
Nazzal, H. (2010). Peaceful Resistance in International Conflict: Palestine as Case Study. Unpublished Master Thesis, Birzeit University.
Norman, J. M. (2010). The Second Palestinian Intifada. Civil Resistance. London and New York: Routledge.
Qumsiyeh, M. (2011). Popular Resistance in Palestine: History of Hope and Empowerment. Ramallah: Muwaitin, The Palestinian Center for Democracy.
Pappe, I. (2014). Storia della Palestina Moderna. Una Terra due popoli. Torino: Einaudi.
Pfeffer, A. (2010). Mass Demonstration in Bil'in Marks Five Years of Protests Against West Bank Separation Fence. Haaretz. Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.com/1.5032984
Porath, Y. (1995). The Palestinian Arab National Movement 1918-1929. London: Frank Cass.
Qtait J. et al. (2006). Arab and Boycotting of Israel. Amman: Center for Middle East Studies. Original in Arabic, جهادقطيط،العربومقاطعةإسرائيل،عمان: مركزدراساتالشرقالأوسط،٢٠٠٤،ص, 30-40.
Randle, M. (1994). Civil Resistance. London: Fontana.
Reuters. (2017). Benjamin Netanyahu threatens to expel al-Jazeera from Israel. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/benjamin-netanyahu-threatens-to-expel-al-jazeera-from-israel
Rigby, A. (1991). Living the intifada. London: Zed Books.
Roberts, A. and Ash, T. G. (eds.) (2009). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of non-Violence Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, G. E. (1993). The Role of the Professional Middle Class in the Mobilization of Palestine Society: The Medical and Agricultural Committees. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 25(2), 301-26.
Rodman, K. A. (1994). Public and Private Sanctions against South Africa. Political Science Quarterly, 109(2), 313-34.
Roy, S. (1987). The Gaza Strip, A Case of Economic De-Development. Journal of Palestine Studies, 17(1), 56-88.
RT (2017). University lecturer denied entry to Israel, banned for 10 years. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/uk/363194-israel-bans-soas-lecturer/
Said, E. (1992). The Question of Palestine. New York: Vintage Books.
Sayigh, Y. (1997). Armed struggle and the Search for State. The Palestinian National Movement 1949-1993. Oxford: Institute for Palestine Studies, Clarendon Press.
Schock, K. (2013). The practice and study of civil resistance. Journal of Peace Research, 50(3), 277-290.
Semelin, J. (1993). Unarmed Resistance against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe 1939-1943. Westport: Praeger Publisher.
Sharp, G. (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston: Porter Sargent.
Sharp, G. (1980). Social Power and Political Freedom. Boston: Porter Sargent.
Spayd, L. (2017). An Op-Ed Author Omits His Crimes, and The Times Does Too. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/public-editor/an-op-ed-author-omits-his-crimes-and-the-times-does-too.html
Stein, L. R. & Swedenburg. T. (2004). Popular Culture, Relational History, and the Question of Power in Palestine and Israel. Journal of Palestine Studies, 33(4), 5-20.
Tilley, V. (2005). The one-state solution. A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Deadlock. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Turner, M. (2001). Creating ‘Partners for Peace’: The Palestinian Authority and the International Statebuilding Agenda. Journal of Intervention and State building, 5(1), 1-21.
Vinthagen, S. (2015). A theory of nonviolent action. How civil resistance works. London: Zed Books.
Rings, W. (1982). Life with the enemy. Collaboration and resistance in Hitler’s Europe 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday and Company.
Yousef, A. (1974). Haj Amin Al Husseini between Political Realism and Traditional Dogmatism. Najah University Journal, 2(2), 541-566.
Cómo citar
Ayman Talal, Luca, & Diego. (2020). La resistencia palestina: praxis no violenta desde un paradigma gramsciano. Campos En Ciencias Sociales, 8(2), 73-110. https://doi.org/10.15332/25006681/6013
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